Acid Reflux

Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux (GER), occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and discomfort. This condition can be occasional or chronic, known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatments is essential for effective management.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of acid reflux is heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest or throat that often occurs after eating or at night. Other symptoms include:

• Regurgitation: A sour or bitter taste in the mouth from stomach acid.
• Chest pain: Often mistaken for a heart-related issue.
• Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
• Chronic cough or throat irritation.
• Hoarseness or a sore throat, especially in the morning.
• Nausea, bloating, or frequent burping.

Causes

Acid reflux occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscle that acts as a valve between the stomach and esophagus, weakens or relaxes inappropriately. Several factors contribute to this:

• Diet: Spicy, fatty, or acidic foods, caffeine, chocolate, and carbonated beverages can trigger reflux.
• Lifestyle: Obesity, smoking, lying down immediately after eating, or wearing tight clothing can increase the risk.
• Medical conditions: Pregnancy, hiatal hernia, and certain connective tissue disorders like scleroderma.
• Medications: Some drugs, including NSAIDs, calcium channel blockers, and certain sedatives, may relax the LES.

Treatment

Managing acid reflux typically involves lifestyle changes, medications, and, in severe cases, surgery.

Lifestyle Modifications:

• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Avoid trigger foods and large meals.
• Eat at least two to three hours before bedtime.
• Elevate the head of the bed during sleep.

Medications:

• Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid and provide quick relief.
• H2-receptor blockers: Reduce acid production (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine).
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): Block acid production and allow healing (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole).

Surgical Interventions: In severe cases, procedures like fundoplication may be considered to strengthen the LES.

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