Jaundice

Jaundice is a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes due to an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed by the breakdown of red blood cells. It is processed by the liver and excreted in bile. Jaundice itself is not a disease but a symptom of underlying conditions.

Symptoms

• Yellowing of the skin and eyes: This is the hallmark sign of jaundice.
• Dark-colored urine: Excess bilirubin in the bloodstream can darken the color of urine.
• Pale or clay-colored stools: Blockage in bile flow can lead to light-colored stools.
• Itching: Accumulation of bile salts in the skin can cause itchiness.
• Fatigue and weakness: These may accompany jaundice, depending on the underlying cause.
• Abdominal pain: Particularly in cases associated with liver or gallbladder disease.

Causes

Jaundice can result from issues in different stages of bilirubin metabolism:

Pre-hepatic (before the liver):

• Excessive breakdown of red blood cells (e.g., hemolytic anemia).
• Conditions like sickle cell anemia or malaria.

Hepatic (within the liver):

• Liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer.
• Genetic disorders like Gilbert’s syndrome.

Post-hepatic (after the liver):

• Blockage of bile ducts due to gallstones, tumors, or strictures.
• Pancreatic cancer affecting bile flow.

Treatment

Treatment for jaundice depends on addressing the underlying cause:

For pre-hepatic causes:

• Management involves treating the condition causing excessive red blood cell breakdown, such as anemia or infections.

For hepatic causes:

• Hepatitis: Antiviral or steroid medications.
• Cirrhosis: Lifestyle changes, avoiding alcohol, and medications to manage complications.
• In severe cases, a liver transplant may be required.

For post-hepatic causes:

• Gallstones: Surgery or endoscopic removal.
• Tumors: Surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.